Adsorption Characteristics

Molecular Sieves: Under pressure - swing conditions, they can achieve efficient cyclic adsorption and desorption of gas molecules with specific sizes. They are capable of precise selection among multiple gas molecules, capturing target components under high pressure and releasing them rapidly under reduced pressure. Thus, they are suitable for scenarios such as producing high - purity nitrogen or oxygen.

Activated Carbon: It is a non - polar physical adsorbent, suitable for adsorbing volatile organic compounds (e.g., formaldehyde), but cannot separate mixed gases.

 

Thermal and Compressive Resistance

Molecular Sieves: Their structure remains stable at 200 - 300℃, they can withstand frequent pressure changes, and can be recycled for long - term use.

Activated Carbon: It has good heat resistance but poor compressive strength, and is prone to crushing under high pressure.

 

Contamination Resistance

Molecular Sieves: They are susceptible to contamination by water, oil vapor, sulfides, etc. Severe contamination will lead to irreversible failure of molecular sieves.

Activated Carbon: It is sensitive to oils; once its pores are blocked, it will fail and is difficult to regenerate.

 

Core Application Scenarios

Molecular Sieves: They are the core of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology and are used for gas separation and purification.

Activated Carbon: It is mostly used in the terminal pollutant purification process.

 

For more information on molecular sieves, please visit www.carbon-cms.com.

Many nitrogen generator users face a common issue: with the same CMS, same equipment, and same loading process, the nitrogen output and purity fall short of specifications. Or performance varies by season, or becomes unstable after pressure adjustments.

In most cases, the problem is not the CMS quality, but temperature and pressure are not within the optimal range — directly affecting adsorption rate, capacity, and separation efficiency.

This article explains how temperature and pressure impact CMS performance.

 

1. Core Principle: Adsorption Characteristics of CMS

CMS uses precisely engineered micropores to achieve kinetic separation: oxygen is adsorbed preferentially, while nitrogen is enriched in the gas phase. Key performance indicators include oxygen adsorption capacity, separation factor, adsorption rate, and aging resistance.

Temperature and pressure are the two main external factors:

• Pressure determines the upper limit of adsorption capacity.
• Temperature affects adsorption efficiency and saturation.

An imbalance in either can significantly degrade generator performance.

 

2. Effect of Temperature on CMS Performance

CMS performs better at lower temperatures. Higher ambient or inlet temperatures reduce adsorption performance — the main reason summer operation often deteriorates.

 

Temperature Range	Performance	Key Impact
10°C – 25°C (Low)	Optimal	High adsorption capacity and separation factor, stable purity. Below 10°C: better performance but risk of freezing
25°C–35°C(Normal)	Standard range	Mild performance loss, manageable with minor parameter adjustments
>38°C (High)	Rapid decline	Purity drop, output loss; >30% shorter service life under prolonged high temperature

 

3. Effect of Pressure on CMS Performance

PSA nitrogen generators rely on pressure swings for adsorption and regeneration. Pressure is the key variable for CMS adsorption capacity — too low, too high, or unstable, and separation breaks down.

 

Pressure Range	Performance	Key Impact
<0.6 MPa (Too low)	Insufficient adsorption capacity	Purity and output both drop, unstable operation
0.6–0.8MPa(Optimal)	Peak performance	Saturation and recovery rates meet design targets, stable cycles, low risk of pulverization
>0.85 MPa (Too high)	Accelerated damage	Pulverization, clumping, pore blockage (poisoning), increased valve/piping stress
Atmospheric (Regeneration)	Critical for regeneration	Incomplete exhaust leads to residual oxygen and failure of next adsorption cycle

 

4. Coupled Effect: High Temperature and Low Pressur

A single parameter deviation has limited impact, but‘high temperature and low pressure’ is the worst combination and the most common cause of purity failure:

• Summer heat → higher inlet temperature → lower CMS adsorption capacity. 
• Heat may also reduce air compressor discharge pressure → lower adsorption pressure. 
• The combined effect sharply reduces effective adsorption — even new CMS may fail to deliver rated purity and output.

 

5. On-Site Optimization Measures

Temperature control

• Install aftercoolers or dryers to keep inlet temperature ≤30°C in summer.
• Ensure ventilation and avoid direct sunlight or enclosed hot rooms.
• Under high temperature, extend adsorption time moderately to compensate for performance loss.

Pressure control

• Maintain stable pressure at 0.65 – 0.75 MPa for standard industrial generators.
• Regularly check for leaks and filter clogging to minimize pressure drop.
• Ensure unobstructed exhaust for complete CMS regeneration.
• In most cases, output loss or purity instability does not require CMS replacement— optimizing temperature and pressure restores standard performance. (Long-term damage from heat or oil/water contamination may still require replacement.)

 

As a professional CMS manufacturer, Chizhou Shanli can provide customized CMS grades and on-site tuning solutions for high-temperature, low-pressure, or high-humidity conditions — solving instability at the consumables level.

       Carbon Molecular Sieve (CMS) is the core consumable of PSA nitrogen generators. Once poisoned, it leads to reduced nitrogen output, insufficient gas purity and rising air-to-nitrogen ratio, shortening service life significantly. The five common poisoning causes are water soaking, oil fouling, acid gas corrosion, high-temperature degradation and dust coking. Most operators only spot CMS pulverization while ignoring poisoning as the root cause. This article analyzes symptoms, causes and field solutions for each failure.

 

Type of Poisoning	Symptoms	Causes	Solution
Water Flooding Poisoning	Lower N₂ purity & output; CMS caking; higher air-nitrogen ratio	Poor air drying; condensed water or moisture backflow	Long-time no-load purging; hot air drying; repair pre-drying system
Oil Contamination Poisoning	Black & sticky CMS; permanent capacity drop; unable for 99.99% high purity	Compressor oil leakage; failed pre-oil filtration	Light pollution: high-temperature N₂ regenerationHeavy pollution: replace full CMS and filters
Acid Gas Corrosion Poisoning	Brittle CMS; more powder; higher tower pressure drop; low N₂ recovery	Sulfide & acidic gas in raw air erodes carbon structure	Replace corroded CMS; add activated carbon pre-filter
High-Temperature Degradation Poisoning	Fragile CMS; failed high-purity nitrogen production; performance decay	Overheated inlet air (>45℃); poor heat dissipation	Control inlet temperature at 20–35℃; replace thermally damaged CMS
Dust Coking Poisoning	High tower pressure difference; blocked pores; reduced gas yield	Dust and organic residue coking inside micropores	Screen and regenerate CMS; install intake dust filter

 

In short, proper inlet air pretreatment against water, oil, acid and dust is the key to avoid CMS poisoning and keep long-term stable adsorption efficiency. Effective pre-treatment helps maintain consistent nitrogen purity and rated gas output, greatly extending the service cycle of carbon molecular sieve.

1.Is Higher Purity or Higher Yield Always Better?

Not necessarily. Higher purity typically comes with lower yield, higher air consumption, and increased energy costs. If your process only requires 99.9% nitrogen, using a sieve that delivers 99.999% is simply overkill—and unnecessarily expensive.

The same applies to yield. Pushing for maximum yield can compromise purity stability and lead to oxygen breakthrough, making the nitrogen unsuitable for your application. The smart approach: first determine the minimum purity your process requires, then choose a CMS that offers the best possible yield at that purity level. Avoid chasing extreme specifications. 

 

2.Why Does Higher Purity Reduce Nitrogen Yield?

Carbon molecular sieve purifies nitrogen by adsorbing oxygen. When extremely high nitrogen purity is required (e.g., increasing from 99.9% to 99.999%), the sieve must adsorb nearly all oxygen from the feed air.

Here’s the trade-off: The purer the nitrogen you need, the more nitrogen you have to sacrifice to carry away the adsorbed oxygen. This increases the adsorption load on the sieve while reducing effective output.

 

3. Purity vs. Yield Selection Guide (Example: SLCMS-UEP)

 

Pressure	Purity	N₂ Yield (m³/h·t)	Air/N₂ Ratio	Typical Applications	Note
0.7 MPa	99.5%	325	2.6	Coal mine fire prevention, tank inerting, grain storage	High volume, lower purity
	99.9%	230	3.2	Laser cutting, food packaging, tire curing	Best cost-performance balance
	99.99%	160	3.9	Electronics reflow soldering, chemical blanketing	High purity, moderate yield
	99.999%	100	5.4	Lithium battery manufacturing, pharmaceutical isolation	Purity first

 

Key Takeaway:

Always start with your actual purity requirement. Then select a CMS that maximizes yield at that purity level. This ensures reliable process performance without unnecessary operating costs.

 

If you want to get more information about us,you can click www.carbon-cms.com.

When selecting carbon molecular sieves (CMS), pore size is the core factor determining nitrogen purity and application suitability.

 

1.What Pore Size Actually Does: "Sieving" Gas Molecules by Size

Carbon molecular sieves work by selectively adsorbing impurities. Under pressure, smaller molecules like oxygen (kinetic diameter: 0.346nm) diffuse faster into the micropores and are adsorbed, while nitrogen (0.364nm) diffuses more slowly and remains in the gas phase, ultimately collected as product gas. An unsuitable pore size will either fail to reach the required purity or reduce the gas production rate.

 

2.Applications of 3 Common Pore Sizes

 

 

3. Two Common Selection Mistakes to Avoid

（1）Larger pore size is not always better: 0.5nm sieves also adsorb nitrogen, which reduces production rate and increases overall costs.

（2）Do not arbitrarily change pore size in standard nitrogen generators: Different pore sizes require matching pressure and cycle parameters; random changes will cause system performance imbalance.

 

In the field of industrial nitrogen generation, the performance of carbon molecular sieves directly determines nitrogen purity, gas production efficiency and operating costs. As a commonly used model in the market, CMS330 has maintained a certain application share for a long time. However, with technological upgrades, Chizhou Shanli, a leading enterprise in China's carbon molecular sieve industry, has launched the SLUHP-100 carbon molecular sieve.

 

Boasting superior separation performance, more stable quality and more cost-effective operation, this product has comprehensively outperformed CMS330. It not only surpasses the industry standards in the domestic market, but also ranks among the world's top-tier products, emerging as the preferred core material for upgrading Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) nitrogen generation systems.

 

The core competitiveness of the SLUHP-100 carbon molecular sieve lies in its precise control over "high-efficiency separation and cost-effective operation", which is also the key to its superiority over CMS330. Relying on Chizhou Shanli's independently developed micropore regulation technology, the SLUHP-100 achieves precise pore size matching. This accurate "molecular sieving effect" enables oxygen molecules to rapidly diffuse into the micropores and be adsorbed, while nitrogen molecules are efficiently retained. Thus, 99.999% high-purity nitrogen can be produced in a single step via the PSA method.

 

In contrast, CMS330 features a wide and imprecise micropore size distribution. It not only struggles to stably produce 99.999% high-purity nitrogen, but also experiences a significant decline in separation efficiency under low-pressure operating conditions, failing to meet the requirements of high-end industrial applications.

 

Beyond its core advantage of ultra-high purity output, the SLUHP-100 outperforms CMS330 across all key performance metrics, specifically reflected in two aspects:

1.Lower air-to-nitrogen ratio: Under the same adsorption pressure, the SLUHP-100 consumes less compressed air than CMS330, directly reducing the energy consumption and operating costs of nitrogen generators.

2.Lower ash content: The ash content of the SLUHP-100 is far lower than that of CMS330, which can effectively reduce the risk of molecular sieve pulverization, avoid pipeline blockage, and ensure the long-term stable operation of the nitrogen generation system. On the contrary, CMS330 is prone to pulverization after long-term use, requiring frequent shutdowns for maintenance.

 

If your enterprise is currently using CMS330 and facing issues such as insufficient nitrogen purity, high operating costs or frequent equipment failures, or if you plan to upgrade your nitrogen generation system, feel free to learn more about Chizhou Shanli's SLUHP-100 molecular sieve. Choose this high-quality core material that comprehensively outperforms traditional models to make your nitrogen generation system more efficient, stable and cost-effective, and safeguard your enterprise's production operations.

 

For more information on carbon molecular sieves, please visit www.carbon-cms.com.

 

The core structure of carbon molecular sieve (CMS) consists of densely packed micropore channels, which are critical for its oxygen adsorption and nitrogen separation capabilities. Due to this unique structure, CMS is inherently “delicate” and vulnerable to two major threats—moisture and oil contamination—making protection against them the top priority in storage.

 

First, moisture.Carbon molecular sieve is highly hygroscopic. Even short‑term exposure to air will cause it to rapidly absorb water vapor, filling its micropores with water molecules much like a water‑saturated sponge can no longer absorb other substances. Such damage is mostly irreversible, directly reducing the adsorption capacity of CMS by 30% to 50%, and in severe cases, rendering it completely unusable.This risk is especially high during the rainy season in southern China or in high‑humidity coastal regions, where relative humidity often exceeds 80%. Without proper moisture protection, even unopened CMS can gradually lose performance during storage.

 

Second, oil contamination, which is even more damaging than moisture.Once the micropores of CMS come into contact with oil or grease, they become blocked. Oil also forms a thin film over the particles, completely eliminating adsorption activity. This type of “poisoning” cannot be reversed by regeneration; the CMS must be fully replaced.Oil contamination can originate from leaked lubricants in storage areas, oil from operators’ hands, or even residual grease on packaging containers. Even trace amounts of oil can cause catastrophic damage to carbon molecular sieve.

 

In addition, temperature control during storage is equally important.The ideal storage temperature is 5–40 °C.Temperatures above 40 °C accelerate structural aging and reduce adsorption performance.Temperatures below 2 °C may cause adsorbed moisture to freeze and expand, damaging the micropore structure and even breaking the particles.

 

In short, the key to preserving CMS is simple:maintain a dry, clean, and constant‑temperature environment, and isolate it from moisture and oil.This will maximize its original adsorption performance.

 

If you want to get more information about us,you can click www.carbon-cms.com.

 

 

 

 

I. Technical Upgrade of 5A Molecular Sieve: From Basic Grade to High-Performance Grade

1. Upgrade of Crystallization Process: Improved Pore Uniformity and Adsorption Capacity

Traditional 5A molecular sieve is produced by conventional hydrothermal synthesis, which often leads to irregular pore channels and non-uniform crystal grain sizes, thus impairing adsorption performance. At present, the industry adopts the seed-directed synthesis method. By adding specific crystal seeds, the crystal size and pore structure of the molecular sieve can be precisely controlled, resulting in more regular pores and more accurate pore diameters.

The adsorption capacity is increased by 10%–20%, and the regeneration energy consumption is reduced by approximately 15%.

In addition, the application of advanced hydrothermal technologies (such as microwave-assisted synthesis and ultrasonic-assisted synthesis) shortens the crystallization time, lowers energy consumption and pollutant emissions during synthesis, and realizes green synthesis.

 

2. Upgrade of Modification Technology: Enhanced Selectivity and Stability

Performance optimization of 5A molecular sieve is achieved through modification technologies including ion exchange and metal loading, making it suitable for more high-end applications:

• Loading metals such as palladium and platinum improves the hydrogen adsorption selectivity of 5A molecular sieve, enabling its use in high-purity hydrogen production (purity ≥ 99.999%).
• Rare earth ion exchange enhances thermal stability and anti-poisoning capacity, prolonging service life for purification of highly impure gas streams.
• Composite modification (e.g., combining with carbon materials or activated alumina) realizes the integration of adsorption and catalysis, which can be applied in waste gas treatment, fine chemical engineering, and other fields.

 

3. Upgrade of Forming Technology: Adaptation to Diverse Industrial Scenarios

Conventional 5A molecular sieve is mostly in powder form, which is prone to loss and equipment blockage in industrial applications. With continuous upgrading of forming technologies, 5A molecular sieve can be manufactured into spheres, strips, honeycombs, and other shapes.

Among them, spherical molecular sieve (1–3 mm) is the most widely used, featuring good fluidity, uniform packing, low risk of clogging, large contact area, and high adsorption efficiency.

Honeycomb-structured molecular sieve is suitable for waste gas treatment and large-scale air separation plants, enabling higher gas processing capacity.

 

II. Future Application Trends of 5A Molecular Sieve: Focusing on Green and High-End Fields

1. Hydrogen Energy: Supporting High-Purity Hydrogen Production and Storage

As a clean energy source, hydrogen is central to the future energy transition. The production and storage of high-purity hydrogen (purity ≥ 99.999%) rely heavily on 5A molecular sieve.Upgraded 5A molecular sieve can efficiently remove trace impurities such as CO, CO₂, and water from hydrogen, and also enable adsorptive hydrogen storage, supporting large-scale applications of hydrogen energy.It will play a key role in both fuel-cell hydrogen and industrial hydrogen production.

 

2. Environmental Protection: Waste Gas Treatment and CO₂ Capture

With increasingly stringent environmental requirements, the demand for industrial waste gas treatment (e.g., vehicle exhaust, chemical waste gas) is growing rapidly.Modified 5A molecular sieve can act as a catalyst support for waste gas treatment, efficiently adsorbing and catalytically decomposing harmful components such as NOₓ and VOCs.It can also be used for CO₂ capture from industrial flue gas, helping achieve the “dual carbon” goals. Its application in the environmental field will continue to expand.

 

3. Fine Chemical Industry: Precise Separation and Catalysis

The fine chemical industry demands extremely high product purity, requiring precise molecular separation technologies.With its uniform pore size and modifiable properties, 5A molecular sieve is used for molecular separation (e.g., amino acid separation, perfume purification) and catalytic reactions (e.g., isomerization, alkylation), improving product purity and reaction efficiency and driving the upgrading of the fine chemical industry.

 

If you want to get more information about us, you can click www.carbon-cms.com.

 

There are many types of activated alumina catalysts used in exhaust gas treatment, with various classification methods. They can be broadly categorized into acid-base catalysts, metal catalysts, semiconductor catalysts, and zeolite catalysts. Their common characteristic is that they can exert varying degrees of chemisorption on reactants. Therefore, catalysis is inseparable from adsorption, and the general catalytic process starts with adsorption.

 

Acid-Base Catalysts

The acids and bases mentioned here refer to acids and bases in a broad sense, namely Lewis acids and Lewis bases. Both can provide acid-base active adsorption sites for the chemisorption of reactants, thereby promoting chemical reactions.Examples include activated clay, aluminum silicate, aluminum oxide, and oxides of some metals, especially oxides or salts of transition metals.

 

Metal Catalysts

The adsorption capacity of metals depends on the metal itself, the molecular structure of the gas, and adsorption conditions. Experiments have shown that metallic elements with empty d-electron orbitals exhibit different chemisorption capacities for certain representative gases.Except for calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), most of these metals are transition metals. They form adsorption bonds with adsorbate molecules through electrons or free electrons that do not participate in the hybrid orbitals of metallic bonds, thereby catalyzing reactions between reactants.

 

Semiconductor Catalysts

These are mainly semiconductor-type transition metal oxides, divided into n-type semiconductors and p-type semiconductors, which provide quasi-free electrons and quasi-free holes respectively.N-type semiconductor catalysts form adsorption bonds with reactants via their quasi-free electrons, while p-type semiconductor catalysts rely on quasi-free holes. The formation of adsorption bonds changes the conductivity of the semiconductor, which is one of the main factors affecting catalyst activity.

In fact, the formation of adsorption bonds between gas molecules and semiconductor catalysts is a very complex process. Studies on the catalytic mechanism of semiconductors have also found that energy bands generated by electron transitions play an important role in the formation of adsorption bonds. Therefore, it cannot be simply assumed that reactant molecules capable of donating electrons can only form adsorption bonds with p-type semiconductor catalysts.

 

Zeolite Molecular Sieve Catalysts

As adsorbents, zeolite molecular sieves  are widely used in drying, purification, separation and other processes. They began to emerge in the field of catalysts and catalyst supports in the 1960s.Zeolite refers to natural crystalline aluminosilicates with uniform micropore diameters, hence also known as molecular sieves. Hundreds of types have been developed so far, and many important industrial catalytic reactions rely on zeolite catalysts.

The catalytic action of zeolites also depends on surface acidic sites to form adsorption bonds. However, they have higher selectivity than ordinary acid-base catalysts, as they can exclude molecules larger than their pore size from entering the internal surface. Meanwhile, the acidity and alkalinity on the zeolite surface can be artificially adjusted by ion exchange, giving them better performance than conventional acid-base catalysts.

In recent years, a class of non-silicoaluminate synthetic molecular sieves has been developed and widely used in the field of catalysis. This shows that zeolites hold a unique position and play an irreplaceable role in catalysis.

 

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Powdering  of Carbon Molecular Sieve (CMS) refers to the phenomenon where its particles crack and spall to form fine powder during use, transportation or storage. It is a critical issue that impairs the service life, adsorption performance and equipment operation stability of CMS, commonly occurring in the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process for nitrogen/oxygen generation.

I. Main Causes of Powdering

1. Mechanical Stress

• Impacts during Loading, Transportation and Storage: High-altitude dropping during loading and severe jolting in transportation cause collision and extrusion between CMS particles, resulting in surface damage or internal cracks. These cracks expand to form fine powder in subsequent use.
• Bed Pressure Difference Fluctuation: Rapid pressure switching during adsorption and desorption in the PSA process leads to repeated expansion and contraction of the CMS bed, intensifying friction between particles and causing atrophy after long-term cycles. Excessively high gas flow velocity will also generate cavitation effects, scouring the particle surfaces.
• Equipment Vibration: Sustained vibration of the adsorption tower itself and auxiliary equipment is transmitted to the CMS bed, accelerating particle wear.

 

2. Improper Operating Conditions

• Abrupt Temperature Change: CMS has limited thermal stability. Excessively high heating temperature (above 200℃) during regeneration, or abrupt temperature rise and drop inside the adsorption tower, will cause uneven thermal stress inside CMS and trigger lattice fracture.
• Influence of Moisture and Impurities: Excessive moisture in the feed gas causes CMS to absorb moisture, leading to the expansion of pore structure and damage to particle integrity. Moisture can also react with impurities to form corrosive substances that erode the CMS surface. In addition, oil contamination, dust and other impurities in the feed gas will block the CMS pores, causing local overheating or pressure concentration and indirectly exacerbating atrophy.
• Adsorbent Saturated Overload: Failure to desorb CMS in a timely manner after it reaches adsorption saturation will cause the accumulation of adsorbate molecules in the pores to generate internal pressure, which cracks the particles.

 

3. Inherent Quality Defects of the Product

• Inadequate Forming Process: Insufficient addition of binders, improper control of calcination temperature or time during production will result in low mechanical strength of CMS particles with poor compression and wear resistance.
• Uneven Particle Size and Pore Distribution: Excessively large differences in particle size, or defective pore structures (such as concentrated micropores and wide pore size distribution), will reduce the structural stability of particles and make them prone to cracking under stress.

 

II. Preventive and Resolving Measures for Atrophy

1. Optimize Storage, Transportation and Loading Processes

• Adopt shockproof packaging for transportation to avoid severe jolting; adopt fluidized loading or layered slow loading during filling, strictly prohibit high-altitude dropping, and perform compaction after loading to reduce bed porosity.
• Lay stainless steel wire mesh and quartz sand cushion at the bottom of the adsorption tower before loading, and install a pressure net or elastic gland on the top to limit the expansion and contraction displacement of the bed.

 

2. Strictly Control Operating Conditions

• Stabilize the pressure switching rate of the PSA system to avoid abrupt pressure difference; control the feed gas flow velocity within the designed range to prevent cavitation scouring.
• Control the regeneration temperature between 150℃ and 180℃ to avoid overheating; the feed gas must undergo pretreatment (cooling, dehydration, deoiling, dedusting) to ensure that the dew point of the gas entering the adsorption tower is below −40℃ and the oil content is less than 0.01 mg/m³.

 

3. Select High-Quality Carbon Molecular Sieve

• Prioritize products with high compressive strength (radial compressive strength ≥100 N per particle) and good wear resistance, and require suppliers to provide forming process and strength test reports.
• Select an appropriate particle size (e.g., 3~5 mm columnar molecular sieve) according to operating conditions to reduce stress concentration caused by uneven particle size.

 

4. Regular Maintenance and Monitoring

• Regularly check the pressure difference of the adsorption tower, product gas purity and filter pressure difference. A rapid rise in filter pressure difference indicates intensified CMS atrophy, and the causes must be investigated in a timely manner.
• Regularly perform screening and cleaning on the CMS bed to remove accumulated fine powder; replace part or all of the CMS in a timely manner if atrophy is severe.

 

III. Treatment Plan after Powdering 

In case of obvious powdering , take the following steps for treatment:

1.Shut down the equipment for venting, open the manhole of the adsorption tower, and clean up fine powder and damaged particles in the bed.

2.Check whether the pretreatment system (dryer, filter) is invalid, and repair or replace the invalid components.

3.Supplement new CMS and reload and compact it to ensure a uniform bed.

4.Adjust operating parameters (such as pressure switching time and regeneration temperature) to avoid inducing atrophy again.

 

For more information, please visit www.carbon-cms.com.